Page 37 - COSMOS & H -Health - Science
P. 37

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                                                 Hawking Radiation andd
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                                                  H
                                                  Hawking Radiation andd

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                                                 the Information Paradoxx
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                                                 t
                                                                                      n

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                                                                                  i
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                                                t
                                                the Information Paradoxx
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                                                   I I n     1 1 9 7 4 , ,     p h y s i i c i i s t t     S t t e p h e n     H a w k i i n g     s u g g e s t t e d
                                                                                                                   e
                                                    In 1974, physicist Stephen Hawking suggested
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                                                                                     e
                                                                                    h
                                                                          s
                                                                                                        s
                                                   In 1974, physicist Stephen Hawking suggested
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                                                                             a
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                                                     that black holes are not quite black but glow

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                                                      that black holes are not quite black but glow
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                                                                                                                  o




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                                                   with radiation due to quantum effects near the
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                                                  w w i i t t h     r a d i i a t t i i o n     d u e     t t o     q u a n t t u m     e f f f f e c t t s     n e a r     t t h e
                                                                                o
                                                                    o
                                                       h
                                                                          u
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                                                  with radiation due to quantum effects near the
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                                                                                                a


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                                                               event horizon-the so-called "Hawking
                                                                                                       "
                                                                    n
                                                                                          s

                                                                                              c
                                                                    n
                                                                                             -
                                                                                                   e
                                                                                                a
                                                                                                        "
                                                                      t
                                                               event horizon-the so-called "Hawking
                                                                                          s
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                                                                        h
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                                                                                        p
                                                                     p
                                                  radiation". It provided the possibility that black
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                                                     d
                                                 r r a d i i a t t i i o n " . .     I I t t     p r o v i i d e d     t t h e     p o s s i i b i i l l i i t t y     t t h a t t     b l l a c k
                                                                                            s
                                                                                                b
                                                   a
                                                               "
                                                           o
                                                                                d
                                                                        o
                                                 radiation". It provided the possibility that black
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                                                                                                             u
                                                          s
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                                                                n
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                                                                    v
                                                    holes can evaporate slowly over the course of                    f
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                                                            c
                                                    holes can evaporate slowly over the course of
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                                                            c
                                               t t i i m e . .     I I f f     t t h e r e     i i s     s u c h     a n     e v a p o r a t t i i o n , ,     i i t t     l l e a d s     t t o     a
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                                                                    s
                                                time. If there is such an evaporation, it leads to a
                                                                                     a
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                                                                           h
                                                     e
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                                                              e
                                               time. If there is such an evaporation, it leads to a
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                                                         problem generally called the "information
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                                                                                                   "
                                                                             r

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                                                         problem generally called the "information
                                                                      g
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                                                                                      h
                                                          paradox": if black holes evaporate, what
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                                                          p p a r a d o x " : :     i i f f     b l l a c k     h o l l e s     e v a p o r a t t e , ,     w h a t t
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                                                                       "
                                                          paradox": if black holes evaporate, what
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                                                  happens to the information contained in them?
                                                                                                 a
                                                                                                   i

                                                                                                           n
                                                                                                      e
                                                  h h
                                                  happens to the information contained in them?
                                                        p
                                                                                                   n
                                                                                                                    ?
                                                                                                                     ?
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                                                                      e
                                               T T h a t t     i i s     o n e     o f f     t t h e     w o r s t t     f f u n d a m e n t t a l l     p r o b l l e m s     i i n
                                                                                               n
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                                                             e
                                                                                                                  s
                                                                                                         o
                                                                                                               m
                                                   a
                                                                                          m
                                                                                             e
                                                           n
                                                                                       d
                                               That is one of the worst fundamental problems in
                                               That is one of the worst fundamental problems in
                                                                                                            d
                                                                                                                     e
                                                                                         n
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                                                               c
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                                                                                                                r
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                                                                                                   h
                                                    theoretical physics, standing at the borderline
                                                                                                              e
                                                                                   a
                                                            e
                                                     h
                                                                                                                   n
                                                                                s
                                                   theoretical physics, standing at the borderline
                                                       e
                                                                            c
                                                   t t h e o r e t t i i c a l l     p h y s i i c s , ,     s t t a n d i i n g     a t t     t t h e     b o r d e r l l i i n e
                                                                                                     e
                                                                 a
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                                                                                                           u
                                                                                              d
                                                                                            n
                                                                                        s
                                                                                                             a
                                                                                                                    m
                                                            between our understanding of quantum
                                                                    e
                                                                          o
                                                                                   d
                                                                                                      o
                                                            b b e t t w e e n     o u r     u n d e r s t t a n d i i n g     o f f     q u a n t t u m
                                                                           u
                                                              e
                                                                 w
                                                                                                 n
                                                            between our understanding of quantum

                                                                                                    a
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                                                                                                                     .
                                                                                     mechanics and gravity.
                                                                                                                   y
                                                                                                                    y
                                                                                    mechanics and gravity.            .


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                     s




                                    t
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             O

             O
             O
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                                               O
                                               O
                             v
                                                            a
                                                               c
                                               O
                                                                          o
                                                                          o
                                      i
                                                                                  s
   The Observation Of Black Holes
                                           n
                                                                          o
                                                       B
                                                                  k
                        e
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                                                                                  s
                                      i
                                                                                  s
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                                                       B
      h
         e
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                                           n
  T T T T T T h e     O b s e r v a t i i o n     O f     B l l a c k     H o l e s
      h
                                                       B
                                       o
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                                       o
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                          r
                                                              c
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                                                   f
     h
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                                                                 k
                                                                             l
  The Observation Of Black Holes
                                                              c
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                                     i

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                                                           a


                                                           a


                                                                      H
                                                                      H
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                                a


                                               O
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                                                  s
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                                                             e
                     b
                                                             e


        t
        t
            e
                                                     h
          b
          b
      o
    N N
                                                         m
                                                         m
    Not being able to see black holes themselves, their
                                                       e
      o
    Not being able to see black holes themselves, their
                                                       e
            e


                                                    t
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                   a


                   a
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                                                                       h

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                                 e
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                                      a



                                                                   s


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                                     o
    e e x i i s t t e n c e     i i s     d e d u c e d     f f r o m     t t h e     w a y     t t h e y     a f f f f e c t t     m a t t t t e r     c l l o s e
                                                                               r
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      x
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                           u
                   s
                             c
                                                                       m
                                                  a
                                                                  e
                                                                                      s
    existence is deduced from the way they affect matter close
                                                        h
                                                                                       e
    existence is deduced from the way they affect matter close
                                                                 l
                                                         i
         h
                                          o
                                      s
                                                      e
                                                                  l
                                        s
                                    a
                                                                 l
    to them. For instance, as some material falls into a black
                                                          a

     o
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                                                                  s


                                                                  s

                                                        r
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                                                                                  c
        h
    to them. For instance, as some material falls into a black
    t t
                                                        r
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                                                   a
                           t
                                                                        o

                                                   a


                    r
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                                                                               l
               .
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                                                                                   X
         e
                                                                 r
                                                                     d
    h h o l l e , ,     i i t t     b e c o m e s     h o t t     a n d     s t t a r t t s     t t o     g i i v e     o u t t     r a d i i a t t i i o n     i i n     X -
                                                                   a
    hole, it becomes hot and starts to give out radiation in X-
                                                              u
                                                            o
                 e
                  c
                                                                                 n
               b
    hole, it becomes hot and starts to give out radiation in X-
                                                                   s
                                                 s
                                                           a
                                               e
                                                       e
                                                  c
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    unexpected confirmatory piece of visual evidence of the
    unexpected confirmatory piece of visual evidence of the
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    existence of such cosmic behemoths.
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    existence of such cosmic behemoths.
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