Page 37 - COSMOS & H -Health - Science
P. 37
k
i
H
Hawking Radiation andd
n
a
i
a
a
d
i
a
i
d
n
k
H
Hawking Radiation andd
a
R
t
g
n
g
n
i
t
a
n
a
n
R
i
w
w
o
o
a
f
o
I
t
h
n
a
a
r
t
d
the Information Paradoxx
i
e
r
t
n
r
h
o
i
r
P
t
the Information Paradoxx
o
n
d
n
m
P
o
o
a
f
a
m
e
o
a
I
a
y
s
S
e
n
g
9
w
a
e
h
d
n
p
g
7
4
H
c
k
p
s
n
I I n 1 1 9 7 4 , , p h y s i i c i i s t t S t t e p h e n H a w k i i n g s u g g e s t t e d
e
In 1974, physicist Stephen Hawking suggested
u
g
e
h
s
s
In 1974, physicist Stephen Hawking suggested
b
l
l
q
t
o
o
a
c
a
a
t
b
h
o
h
s
k
u
c
a
q
u
k
k
u
k
e
c
u
e
s
e
o
h
h
e
l
w
o
i
l
b
t
l
r
a
i
t
b
e
l
that black holes are not quite black but glow
n
t t
w
that black holes are not quite black but glow
n
t
b
t
o
b
t
l
e
a
g
l
a
a
c
t
r
g
r
e
a
n
d
with radiation due to quantum effects near the
u
r
e
m
e
s
a
h
a
n
n
q
d
a
c
e
w w i i t t h r a d i i a t t i i o n d u e t t o q u a n t t u m e f f f f e c t t s n e a r t t h e
o
o
h
u
e
u
with radiation due to quantum effects near the
d
c
e
o
t
o
v
d
l
H
l
v
e e
e
e
a
l
event horizon-the so-called "Hawking
"
n
s
c
n
-
e
a
"
t
event horizon-the so-called "Hawking
s
-
l
e
r
a
r
i
e
g
w
h
t
h
t
a
g
o
o
w
i
-
n
n
h
n
n
i
z
o
i
z
o
k
k
-
H
h
a
b
a
c
p
p
radiation". It provided the possibility that black
e
d
v
a
s
k
o
y
n
e
r
h
h
d
r r a d i i a t t i i o n " . . I I t t p r o v i i d e d t t h e p o s s i i b i i l l i i t t y t t h a t t b l l a c k
s
b
a
"
o
d
o
radiation". It provided the possibility that black
c
c
t
u
s
o
a
a
o
a
t
y
s
e
o
r
t
n
o
l
r
l
e
o
p
s
o
r
e
n
e
w
t
a
r
e
o
v
holes can evaporate slowly over the course of f
a
e
h h
s
l
o
l
r
v
e
e
p
o
o
v
l
f
s
c
holes can evaporate slowly over the course of
l
e
o
r
e
h
v
e
h
w
s
y
a
o
u
e
c
t t i i m e . . I I f f t t h e r e i i s s u c h a n e v a p o r a t t i i o n , , i i t t l l e a d s t t o a
e
n
r
c
v
n
h
s
o
e
s
e
a
r
o
d
a
p
u
a
m
s
time. If there is such an evaporation, it leads to a
a
a
h
e
o
e
time. If there is such an evaporation, it leads to a
b
t
o
a
r
l
o
l
i
l
o
e
i
y
l
l
o
y
t
a
i
m
m
problem generally called the "information
n
n
f
l
e
m
e
t
i
e
n
m
n
g
c
e
t
f
c
e
l
e
r
n
r
l
n
h
d
a
l
d
l
o
h
b
e
r
a
a
a
o
e
p p
"
"
r
e
r
problem generally called the "information
g
v
h
paradox": if black holes evaporate, what
a
p p a r a d o x " : : i i f f b l l a c k h o l l e s e v a p o r a t t e , , w h a t t
k
e
e
s
a
w
r
a
x
o
d
e
o
p
b
o
a
a
a
h
c
r
"
paradox": if black holes evaporate, what
n
t
n
f
c
t
e
n
i
i
n
e
h
e
h
i
t
m
o
o
o
m
a
a
n
n
s
s
o
t
o
c
n
o
f
e
r
t
i
o
t
o
r
h
a
i
a
e
t
t
p
e
m
p
h
t
e
t
i
i
a
n
d
d
happens to the information contained in them?
a
i
n
e
h h
happens to the information contained in them?
p
n
?
?
m
n
n
p
o
w
o
u
s
n
e
h
r
s
n
o
b
a
p
a
h
e
T T h a t t i i s o n e o f f t t h e w o r s t t f f u n d a m e n t t a l l p r o b l l e m s i i n
n
r
e
s
o
m
a
m
e
n
d
That is one of the worst fundamental problems in
That is one of the worst fundamental problems in
d
e
n
n
o
c
b
h
p
g
s
r
a
y
o
d
s
r
r
h
theoretical physics, standing at the borderline
e
a
e
h
n
s
theoretical physics, standing at the borderline
e
c
t t h e o r e t t i i c a l l p h y s i i c s , , s t t a n d i i n g a t t t t h e b o r d e r l l i i n e
e
a
r
a
e
g
q
n
u
u
e
n
n
r
u
d
n
s
a
m
between our understanding of quantum
e
o
d
o
b b e t t w e e n o u r u n d e r s t t a n d i i n g o f f q u a n t t u m
u
e
w
n
between our understanding of quantum
a
n
n
h
a
h
i
i
t
a
v
v
t
m m
.
mechanics and gravity.
y
y
mechanics and gravity. .
c
d
d
c
g
r
a
e
g
e
r
i
a
n
c
s
c
a
s
n
i
s
t
s
a
e
e
a
a
a
s
t
t
O
O
O
b
l
l
v
f
b
l
r
r
r
f
b
f
v
H
H
a
e
c
H
c
O
O
v
a
c
O
o
o
i
s
The Observation Of Black Holes
n
o
B
k
e
k
k
s
i
s
e
l
B
h
e
e
n
T T T T T T h e O b s e r v a t i i o n O f B l l a c k H o l e s
h
B
o
e
l
n
e
h
o
o
r
c
h
f
h
e
k
l
The Observation Of Black Holes
c
k
f
s
l
s
v
b
r
e
b
l
n
v
l
n
B
i
i
O
o
O
t
t
e
s
s
e
a
a
H
H
o
o
a
a
O
e
e
O
o
B
s
b
l
i
l
i
e
r
r
e
b
e
t
t
e
h
b
b
o
N N
m
m
Not being able to see black holes themselves, their
e
o
Not being able to see black holes themselves, their
e
e
t
t
a
a
g
i
n
i
s
g
s
n
h
h
s
h
s
e
t
e
s
e
c
c
l
o
o
l
h
l
t
l
,
b
a
o
v
o
l
,
b
v
e
h
a
s
k
s
t
e
k
l
e
e
e
e
e
t
e
d
e
e
y
e
m
d
d
c
e
r
a
e
c
o
e e x i i s t t e n c e i i s d e d u c e d f f r o m t t h e w a y t t h e y a f f f f e c t t m a t t t t e r c l l o s e
r
c
y
e
n
s
a
w
x
e
h
o
u
s
c
m
a
e
s
existence is deduced from the way they affect matter close
h
e
existence is deduced from the way they affect matter close
l
i
h
o
s
e
l
s
a
l
to them. For instance, as some material falls into a black
a
o
m
o
k
t
m
c
s
a
e
s
s
r
i
l
k
c
h
to them. For instance, as some material falls into a black
t t
r
o
t
s
a
t
o
a
r
r
o
t
l
a
a
a
o
o
a
n
i
f
s
f
n
t
m
i
m
s
a
n
m
a
m
,
n
,
l
a
i
e
e
e
i
a
t
e
t
F
n
c
F
b
l
b
t
l
.
n
e
a
c
.
e
-
v
s
h
n
o
m
o
e
a
e
s
o
a
s
r
g
a
n
o
d
o
X
e
r
d
h h o l l e , , i i t t b e c o m e s h o t t a n d s t t a r t t s t t o g i i v e o u t t r a d i i a t t i i o n i i n X -
a
hole, it becomes hot and starts to give out radiation in X-
u
o
e
c
n
b
hole, it becomes hot and starts to give out radiation in X-
s
s
a
e
e
c
b
p
n
c
o
o
h
w
c
a
h
s
rays, which a space-based telescope can observe.
r r a y s , , w h i i c h a s p a c e - - b a s e d t t e l l e s c o p e c a n o b s e r v e . .
rays, which a space-based telescope can observe.
y
a
s
a
e
e
d
b
p
s
a
e
c
e
r
e
v
v
a
0
n
e
k
2
e
n
o
n
e
e
l
9
f
e
v
T
p
,
E
-
1
w
t
u
l
t
i
a
r
o
o
H
c
r
I I In 2019, the Event Horizon Telescope-a virtual network of
t
o
o
i
e
n
h
z
t
r
s
s
c
r
e
e
h
w
o
t
t
r
o
H
z
i
o
v
e
E
l
n
n
T
e
k
v
2
0
-
9
n
a
1
u
In 2019, the Event Horizon Telescope-a virtual network of
a
o
l
i
r
t
n
e
e
o
p
f
,
t
a
i
e
c
m
d
a
a
l
i
c
r
e
c
l
g
g
e
s
radio telescopes circling the Earth-first captured an image
s
r
radio telescopes circling the Earth-first captured an image
r r
o
e
o
m
i
c
o
p
t
o
t
e
p
l
d
c
c
a
s
i
e
e
e
i
s
i
l
E
a
d
s
a
e
a
E
a
a
p
e
r
e
r
p
e
-
d
t
h
h
t
f
f
-
i
c
r
r
c
i
t
t
s
i
t
t
n
g
u
g
n
n
u
i
a
r
h
h
t
r
t
n
o
7
a
e
a
x
y
d
a
s
e
h
M
n
c
8
a
a
-
a
c
n
of a shadow cast by a black hole in the galaxy M87-an
s
k
a
w
o
o o f f a s h a d o w c a s t t b y a b l l a c k h o l l e i i n t t h e g a l l a x y M 8 7 - a n
y
b
g
h
a
h
b
of a shadow cast by a black hole in the galaxy M87-an
p
u
unexpected confirmatory piece of visual evidence of the
unexpected confirmatory piece of visual evidence of the
v
e
d
u u n e x p e c t t e d c o n f f i i r m a t t o r y p i i e c e o f f v i i s u a l l e v i i d e n c e o f f t t h e
e
a
x
n
e
n
e
d
c
r
e
r
e
c
o
n
p
y
e
e
o
o
h
c
s
a
e
v
c
o
m
c
h
c
e
b
e e x i i s t t e n c e o f f s u c h c o s m i i c b e h e m o t t h s . .
s
m
o
s
h
o
o
e
e
n
c
s
u
c
existence of such cosmic behemoths.
h
e
m
x
s
existence of such cosmic behemoths.